> ## Documentation Index > Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://docs.curator.interworks.com/llms.txt > Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further. # Disk Speed Metrics > Performance optimization guide covering disk speed benchmarking, cloud platform recommendations, and hardware upgrades to improve Curator system performance. ## Introduction In the modern era of cloud computing, understanding disk speed is complex, yet paramount. Without adequate disk read/write speeds, Curator can seem sluggish or even outright slow. Improving disk speed benchmarks can be a complex combination of software configurations, hardware upgrades, and understanding the underlying systems' operations. ### Benchmark Thresholds Curator runs a file system speed test once per day. The test writes 1,000 test files, then reads all 1,000 back, and grades four measurements against fixed thresholds: | Measurement | Threshold | What it measures | | - | - | - | | Write | Under 0.1 seconds | The slowest *single* file write out of the 1,000 | | Batch Write | Under 1 second | The *total* elapsed time to write all 1,000 files | | Read | Under 0.04 seconds | The slowest *single* file read out of the 1,000 | | Batch Read | Under 0.5 seconds | The *total* elapsed time to read all 1,000 files | > [!NOTE] > > These thresholds are the same for every Curator installation. They are not configurable, and there is no > setting to raise, lower, disable, or exclude an individual measurement for a particular installation or > environment. The only way to clear a failing benchmark is to make the underlying storage faster. When a benchmark fails on a self-hosted installation, Curator automatically re-runs the entire test once more at a random point within the following hour. Only if that second run *also* fails does Curator record a warning: "The underlying server file system is slow to respond. This might cause slow page loads in the frontend and backend of Curator." The second run exists to filter out false failures caused by a temporary spike in load on the server. On InterWorks-hosted, InterWorks-hosted-container, and trial installations this retry-and-warning behavior does not apply, because InterWorks manages monitoring of those deployments differently. The warning is advisory. It does not disable or restrict any Curator functionality — it reports that the environment is slower than Curator expects, which typically surfaces to users as sluggish page loads in the portal and the backend. ### When Only Batch Operations Fail It is common to pass the single Write and Read benchmarks while failing Batch Write, and sometimes Batch Read. This combination is a meaningful signal rather than a random result, and it points at a different underlying cause than a straightforward "slow disk". The single-operation figures report the slowest individual write and read out of the 1,000 attempts, so passing them means no single operation ever stalled. The batch figures report the total elapsed time for all 1,000 operations run back to back. Failing only the batch benchmarks therefore means that no individual operation was slow, but the volume could not sustain the *rate* — the storage ran into an IOPS or throughput ceiling partway through the run. This is why batch-only failures are usually resolved by raising the volume's provisioned IOPS and throughput rather than by hunting for one slow operation. Two related causes are worth checking: * **Burst credits**: some volumes deliver high performance in short bursts, then throttle back to a much lower baseline once the credit balance is exhausted. A 1,000-file run can be long enough to exhaust a small credit balance, so the first portion of the test runs fast and the remainder is throttled. * **Capacity is not performance**: a volume's IOPS ceiling is generally tied to its provisioned performance settings or its disk tier, not to how much data is stored on it. Adding free space alone will not raise the ceiling. The platform-specific sections below cover how to raise IOPS and throughput on AWS, Azure, and on-premises virtual machines. ## Benchmarking Basics 1. **The Dilemma**: Many users consider upgrading their machine CPU/RAM specifications as the primary solution to improve speed. However, increasing this hardware is only a part of the puzzle. Disk speed can be a huge factor in the performance of your Curator system. 2. **Windows vs. Linux**: It's essential to note that inherent differences exist between Windows and Linux regarding OS efficiencies. Typically, Windows systems have substantially slower disk speed test results compared to Linux counterparts because of operating system intricacies. ## Actionable Steps to Improve Disk Speed 1. **Cloud Platforms**: For those using cloud systems, such as AWS or Azure, different disk types and instance types offer varying speeds. It's imperative to choose configurations that align with your performance requirements. Increasing disk speed may be as easy as changing a few toggles! 2. **Instance Recommendations for AWS Users**: * **gp3 Volumes**: If you haven't already, switch your EBS volume to a gp3 EBS volume. AWS defaults to "gp2" type volumes, [but gp3 is more cost efficient AND faster.](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/storage/migrate-your-amazon-ebs-volumes-from-gp2-to-gp3-and-save-up-to-20-on-costs/) It's literally a "win-win". EBS volumes using gp3 also allow you to configure both IOPS (Input/Output Operations Per Second) and Throughput, enabling better control over disk performance. Consider increasing these metrics to improve disk speed. * **IOPS (Input/Output Operations Per Second)**: This metric defines the number of read and write operations that the volume can perform per second. In simple terms, it's the "speed" of data transactions. A higher IOPS value usually leads to faster disk performance. When you increase the IOPS configuration, it can be beneficial for applications that require high random access, like Curator's database. If your individual read/write speeds are passing benchmarks, but the batch operations are not, increasing IOPS could be a good solution. * **Throughput**: This measures the volume's capacity to read and write data in megabytes per second (MB/s). It's essentially the "bandwidth" of data transactions. Throughput is especially important for applications that move large amounts of data. * **Instance Types**: Not all CPU types are created equal. Although it may seem unrelated, CPU resources are a large part of disk speed metrics. Utilizing newer, faster instance types can yield drastically better results than AWS's older instance types, usually for equivalent or better pricing. If possible, you may wish to investigate utilizing the newer ARM infrastructure, which will yield drastically faster performance. 3. **Instance Recommendations for Azure Users**: * **Disk Types**: Azure offers two types of SSD drives. Instead of "Standard SSD", use "Premium SSD" for production workloads. * **Disk Tiers (IOPS)**: Premium SSD performance is set by the disk tier — P10, P15, P20, P30, and so on — and each tier carries its own IOPS and throughput ceiling. That ceiling applies regardless of how much of the disk's capacity is actually in use, so if the batch read/write benchmarks are failing, move up a tier (for example, P10 to P15 or P20) rather than only adding capacity. Larger tiers do include more capacity, but it is the tier change, not the extra space, that raises the IOPS ceiling. * **Instance Types**: Ensure that the instance type used for Curator is using modern CPU technology. Older CPU types are available, however, these are significantly slower than Azure's newer generation CPUs. Consider using Azure's 5-Series instance types, or better. A good starter instance is the "Standard\_D8ls\_v5". 4. **Instance Recommendations for Users of On-Prem Virtual Machines**: * **Dedicated Hardware**: Systems using shared resources can see wild swings in performance depending on the load of other systems in the virtual machine cluster. Curator recommends requesting dedicated CPU affinity when possible. * **vCPUs vs CPUs**: vCPUs can often be underpowered compared to physical CPU resources. A good rule of thumb is to consider 2 vCPUs to be roughly equivalent to 1 physical CPU resource. For example, to achieve the performance of a "4 core" environment, consider acquiring "8 vCPUs". * **Storage IOPS**: If only the batch benchmarks are failing, ask your infrastructure team what IOPS limit is applied to the datastore or LUN backing the virtual machine. Shared SAN and NAS storage is frequently capped per-VM or per-datastore, and network-attached storage adds latency to every operation that local disks do not. Raising the IOPS allocation, or moving Curator onto local NVMe or SSD storage, addresses this directly. * **Minimum Core Count**: Curator's baseline server requirement is **at least 4 CPU cores** (or the vCPU equivalent per the rule of thumb above, so roughly 8 vCPUs). See the [Server Requirements](https://docs.curator.interworks.com/setup/Server_Requirements/requirements.md) page for the full minimum specification, including RAM and disk space. 5. **Other Hardware Upgrades**: * **CPU/RAM**: Although it might seem unrelated, increasing CPU and RAM can significantly improve your read/write benchmarks, especially for Curator installations on Windows Server. 6. **Network Speed**: * **Importance in Cloud-Based Systems**: In cloud environments, network speed plays a large role in disk speed metrics. A capped disk speed due to low network speeds can hinder performance substantially. * **Cloud Vendor Specifications**: Depending on your cloud service provider, you might need to shift to a different instance type or family to achieve the desired network speed. 7. **Notes on Antivirus Software**: * One potential cause of filesystem speed issues is antivirus software. While this software is vitally important, it does introduce extra overhead, especially in regards to disk speed. To counter this effect, you may need to increase hardware requirements more than you'd expect to cover the hardware requirements of your antivirus software. (RAM/CPU/Disk Speed). * To add exclusions, you can either whitelist the entire Curator installation directory, or specific processes (particularly **libs\PHP\php.exe**, **libs\MariaDB\bin\mariadbd.exe**, and **libs\Apache24\bin\httpd.exe**) 8. **Windows Security Exclusions**: * Windows Security is particularly slow. Adding exclusions can make a huge difference on Windows systems, in particular. In some tests, disk speed benchmarks have dropped by as much as 75% by adding exclusions in the Windows Security software. * To add Windows Security exclusions, go to **Start**, then open **Settings** . Under **Privacy & security** , select **Virus & threat protection**. Under **Virus & threat protection settings**, select **Manage settings**, and then under **Exclusions**, select **Add or remove exclusions**. Ideally, whitelist the entire Curator install folder, or use the individual exclusions in the Antivirus section above. This documentation is built and hosted on [Mintlify](https://mintlify.com), a developer documentation platform.